Chapter 3 Nutrient Transport and Distribution
[目的与要求]
1.掌握植物养分长(短)距离运输的特点及影响因素;
2.熟悉各种养分再利用的规律;
3. 了解植物体内养分的循环;
[重点]
1什么是植物养分长(短)距离运输?
2 植物如何运输养分?
3养分再利用与缺素部位
[难点]
1.养分的长短距离运输的异同及其各自的途径、动力、极力和影响因素;
2.各矿质元素在植物体内的移动性、再利用特点和缺素部位的关系。
[课堂组织]
讲述、讨论和多媒体教具结合
[教学内容]
3.1 Short-distance Transport of Nutrients(养分的短距离运输)
Short-distance transport:根外介质中吸收的养分从根表皮细胞进入根内经皮层组织到达中柱的迁移过程叫养分的横向运输。由于其迁移距离短,又称为短距离运输。
3.1.1 Transport Pathway(运输途径)
Two parallel pathways
A: Symplast (共质体) From cell to cell through the plasmodesmata
B:Apoplast (质外体)
The extracellular space; The terminated at the endodermis by Casparian strip
3.1.2 Mechanism of ion release into the xylem(离子释放到木质部的机理)
3.1.2.1 Leakage Hypothesis (Crafts and Broyer 1938)(渗漏假说)
Nutrients leak into xylem from endodermis cell in the stele.
Evidence: Oxygen tension
Passive
3
.1.2.2 Two-Pump Model (1976)(双泵模型)
Active transport sites at the outer surface of symplasm in the rhizodermic and cortex and at the symplasm-xylem interface in the stele
Evidence: Metabolic inhibitors;
3.1.2.3 Affecting Factors(影响因素)
1.Root Pressure
2.Transpiration
3.Guttation (吐水)
4.Sap (Exudation Flow )
3.1.2.3.1 External Concentration
Table 3—1 Relationship between External Concentration, Exudate Concentration,
and Exudate Volume Flow in Decapitated Sunflower Plants
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
External Exudate Exudation
Solution (mM) volume flow
KNO3+CaCl2
(mM each) K+ Ca2+ NO3- (m1/4 hr)
────────────────────────────────────
0.1 7.3 2.8 7.4 4.0
1.0 10. 3.2 10.7 4.5
10.0 16.6 4 10.3 1.6
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
3.1.2. 3. 2 Temperature
介质温度影响着木质部汁液的体积和离子浓度。
3.1.2.3.3 Respiration
离子释放进入木质部的速率与根的呼吸有密切相关.缺氧是伤流液大大减少,但并不影响其中的K+、Na+的浓度。
3.2 Long-distance Transport of Nutrients(养分的长距离运输)
Long-distance transport:养分从根经木质部或韧皮部到达地上部的运输以及从地上部经韧皮部向根部的运输过程叫养分的纵向运输。由于养分 迁移距离较长,又称为长距离运输。
3.2.1 General(概述)
Xylem and phloem;
Water being the transporting agent;
3.2.2 Xylem Transport(木质部运输)
3.2.2.1 Mechanism(机理)
Root pressure and transpiration drive xylem transport;
The water potential follows the pattern during the day when the stomata are open:
atmosphere >leaf cell>xylem sap>root cell>external solution.
3.2.2.1.1 Exchange Adsorption(交换吸附)
Ion move in AFP (xylem)
Depending :
Ion valency;
Ion concentration;
Ion activity;
Competing Ion;
Charge density of the negative groups;
Diameter of xylem vessel;
pH of xylem sap ( generally, 5.5)
3.2.2.1.2 Resorption(再吸收)
Definition :Solutes are resorted from the xylem (apoplast) into living cell (cytoplasm or vacuole) along the pathway of the xylem sap from the root to the leaves.
3.2.2.1.3 Release or Secretion(释放或分泌)
The composition of the xylem sap along the transport pathway can also be changed by the release or secretion of solutes from the surrounding cells.
3.2.2.2 Effect of Transpiration Rate on the Xylem Transport(蒸腾与木质部运输)
The rate of water flux across the root and in the xylem vessels is determined by the root pressure and the rate of transpiration.
3.2.3 Phloem Transport(韧皮部运输)
Nutrient transport taking place in living cells of phloem is bidirectional.
The direction of transport is determined by nutritional requirements of the various plant organs or tissues and occurs from source to sink.
3.2.3.1 Structure of Phloem(韧皮部的结构)
韧皮部有筛管、伴胞和薄壁细胞组成。筛管是由一些管状活细胞纵向连接而成的,组成该筛管的每一个细胞成为筛管分子。伴胞和筛管分子相伴而生,两者均由同一母细胞分裂而来,但伴胞不像筛管分子那样高度分化。伴胞具有细胞核和细胞质细胞质中含有丰富的细胞器伴胞与筛管比邻的侧壁之间,有许多胞间连丝,以保证两者之间的饿密切联系。
3.2.3.2 Composition of the Phloem Sap(韧皮部汁液的组成)
与木质部相比韧皮部汁液的组成有以下特点:
1.High pH;
2.High concentration of solids, 15~25% DW;
3.High concentration of organic acid and organically bound N;
4.No nitrate;
5.Mineral elements: K>P>Mg>S;
6.Ca in phloem less than in xylem
3.2.3.3 Mobility in the phloem(韧皮部中养分的移动性)
Deficiencies symptoms of S, Ca, Fe, Mn, B, Cu, and Zn are usually first expressed on younger organs.
Deficiency symptoms of N, P, K,Mg and Mo are expressed on older, rather than more recent growth.
This is due to the movement of the elements from more mature growth to newer, juvenile tissue when these elements are in short supply
3.2.3.4 Transfer between the Xylem and phloem(木质部与韧皮部之间养分的转移)

图3—1 木质部与韧皮部之间养分转移示意图
A transfer from phloem to xylem can occur downhill as leakage through the plasma membrane of the sieve tubes;
A transfer from xylem to phloem is an uphill transport against a steep concentration gradient; that is, it is most likely an active transport process.
3.3 Nutrient Cycle in Plant(植物体内养分的循环)
在韧皮部中移动性较强的矿质养分,从根的木质部运输到地上部后,有有一部分通过韧皮部再运回到根中,而后再转入木质部继续向上运输,从而形成养分自根至地上部之间的循环流动。体内养分的循环是植物正常生长所必不可少的一种生命活动。
氮和钾的循环最为典型。
3.4 Remobilization of Nutrient(养分的再利用)
植物某一器官或部位中的矿质养分可通过韧皮部运往其它器官或部位,而被再度利用,这种现象叫矿质养分再利用。
3.4.1 Remobilization Process(养分利用的过程)
3.4.1.1 Nutrient Activation(养分的激活)
养分离子在细胞中被转化为可运输的形态。这一过程是由来自需要养分的新器官(或部位)发出的“养分饥饿”信号引起的,该信号传递到老器官(或部位)后,引起该部位细胞中的某种运输系统激活而启动,将细胞内的养分转移到细胞外,准备进行长距离运输。养分的激活可能是通过第二信使来实现的。
3.4.1.2 Nutrient entry phloem(进入韧皮部)
被激活的养分转移到细胞外的质外体后,再通过原生质膜的主动运输进入韧皮部筛管中。装入筛管中的养分根据植物的需要而进行韧皮部的长距离运输。
3.4.1.3 Nutrient entry xylem(进入木质部)
运输到茎部后的养分可以通过转移细胞进入木质部向上运输。
养分通过韧皮部或木质部先运至靠近新器官的部位,再经过跨质膜的主动运输过程卸入需要养分的新器官细胞内。
3.4.2 Importance of Remobilization(养分再利用的重要性)
Remobilization of mineral nutrients is important during the ontogenesis of a plant in the following stages
3.4.2.1 Remobilization and Nutrient Symptom(养分再利用与缺素部位)
在植物的营养生长阶段,生长介质的养分供应常出现持久性或暂时性的不足,造成植物营养不良。为维持植物的生长,使养分从老器官向新生器官的转移是十分必要的。然而植物提内不同养分的再利用程度并不相同,再利用程度大的元素,养分的缺乏症状首先出现在老的部位;而不能再利用的元素在缺乏是由于不能从老部位运向新部位,而使缺素症状首先表现在幼嫩器官。
Table 3—2 Characteristic Different between Distribution of Visible Deficiency
Symptoms and Degree of Remobilization
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
Part of plant in which
deficiency symptoms
Mineral nutrient occur predominantly Retranslocation
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
N, K, Mg, P Old leaves Very good
S Young leaves Insufficient
Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo Young leaves Very low
B, Ca Young leaves and Extremely low
━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
3.4.2.2 Remobilization Reproductive Stage(养分再利用与生殖生长)
植物生长进入生殖生长阶段后,同化产物主要供应生殖器官发育所需,因此运输到根部同化产物的饿数量急剧下降,从而根的活力减弱,养分吸收功能衰退。这时植物体内养分总量往往增加不多,各器官养分含量主要靠体内再分配进行调节。营养器官将养分不断的运往生殖器官,随着时间的延长,养分在营养器官和生殖器官中的比例不断发生变化,即营养器官中的养分,所占比例逐渐减少。在农业生产中养分的再利用程度是影响经济产量和养分利用效率的重要因素,通过各种措施提高植物体内养分的再利用效率,就能使有限的养分物质发挥其更大的增产作用。
复习题
1.基本概念:养分的短(长)距离运输,质外体,共质体,胞间连丝,根压,吐水,伤液流,渗漏假说,双泵模型;再吸收;再利用。
2.养分的短(长)距离运输的异同及其各自的途径、动力、机理和影响因素。
3.木质部运输和韧皮部运输的异同。
4.各矿质元素的在植物体内的移动性、再利用特点和缺素部位的关系。
5.矿质再利用的途径及其意义,举例说明。